The Ugandan military has launched investigations into allegations of rape and exploitation by soldiers who have been searching for notorious rebel group the Lord’s Resistance Army in Central African Republic.
At least two non-commissioned officers are to appear at a court martial over alleged rapes committed in CAR between 2015 and 2017, the military said.
Last month, Human Rights Watch accused troops deployed in CAR as part of the African Union mission to eradicate the LRA of sexually exploiting or abusing at least 13 women and girls since 2015, including at least one rape, and of threatening some victims to remain silent.
“[The] Uganda People’s Defence Force exercise zero tolerance on all acts related to sexual exploitation and abuse. Directives have been given to investigate those cases recently reported,” said Uganda’s military spokesman, Richard Karemire. “We can’t tolerate errant officers. Proper investigations are being conducted. The culprits will be tried in a court martial and punished according to our laws.”
Uganda’s 2,500-strong force has been deployed in CAR since 2009 as part of the AU’s regional taskforce, alongside US special forces, to capture or kill members of the LRA, in particular its leader, Joseph Kony. But the two armies began withdrawing in April amid claims that the mission to neutralise and degrade the rebel outfit had been achieved, and that the LRA was no longer a threat.
Kony and his dwindling band of armed fighters – now believed to number around 120 – remain spread across remote areas of CAR, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
For its report, in early 2017 HRW interviewed 13 women and three girls, who described exploitation or abuse since 2010 by Ugandan soldiers in the south-eastern town of Obo, CAR, where Ugandan forces were based. They also heard credible accounts of other cases. Two of the women were children when the alleged abuses took place, HRW said.
“The allegations by HRW are both shocking and disturbing. The Ugandan military should do all it can to bring the errant officers to justice. The UPDF needs to take these allegations seriously and punish the errant officers if found guilty,” said Lino Ogora, director of the Foundation for Justice and Development Initiatives, based in the northern Ugandan city of Gulu.
“As a person who has worked with victims of sexual violence before, I understand the pain that the victims in CAR are going through and it is my hope that the UPDF will do justice for the victims.”
But Ogora also attacked the failure to undertake a proper investigatation of exploitation within local communities.
Alix Boucher, assistant research fellow at the Africa Center for Strategic Studies in Washington, said the UPDF was taking the cases seriously.
“It has repeatedly done so in the case of such allegations, both in the context of UN peacekeeping missions and when soldiers have misbehaved at home. The UPDF court martial system is known for being swift and effective. The UPDF also makes these decisions and any ensuing punishment public. Punishment has ranged from demotion and dismissal to execution in the most serious cases,” Boucher said.
“President [Yoweri] Museveni … believes UPDF participation in peacekeeping is prestigious and wouldn’t want this to taint [its] reputation,” she said.
Maria Burnett, associate director of HRW, said: “The UPDF commitments to investigate need to bear fruit – to lead to accountability and redress for victims – to have any impact on the situation. Often, the Ugandan police and military commit to investigate when the media inquires, but then they do little to follow through. A climate of impunity could lead to continued abuses in future areas of deployment, so meaningful action, beyond public relations, will be required. “The Ugandan army – like all militaries – need to hold commanders and their troops accountable for their conduct, whether they are deployed in CAR, Somalia, Uganda or elsewhere. Ensuring victims can report, and ensuring that military courts are providing fair trials for soldiers accused of abuses are critical steps to accountability.”
Nevertheless, some experts believe the investigation is no more than lip service to gain international approval.
“The Ugandan military takes seriously its image in both peacekeeping operations and foreign war theatres. They are willing to announce an investigation into allegations of crimes in those operations while stonewalling a call for the same for allegations of crimes in the country,” said Nicholas Opiyo, a human rights lawyer based in Kampala.
“These actions are often less transparent … and the reports of such investigations almost never made public. Given that history, it is right to suspect that this round of promised investigations is merely to placate Uganda from criticism and will amount to minimal, if any, action.”
Uganda’s military foreign engagements and peacekeeping missions have been beset by accusations of abuses. In 2016, the UN Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights reported 14 cases of rape by Ugandan forces in CAR, including instances involving children.
Phil Clark, an Africa specialist at Soas University of London, said: “At every turn, the Ugandan military has blocked international investigations, claiming that it would deal with these cases through the national military courts. These cases have routinely turned into whitewashes. In the latest incidents in CAR, the Ugandan military is once again prosecuting only low- and middle-ranking personnel.
“If these cases follow the historical pattern, these officials will either be exonerated or found guilty of relatively minor charges and given very lenient sentences. The chance of justice being delivered in these very serious cases is next to zero.”
One rape survivor, 15-year-old “Marie”, said a Ugandan soldier had assaulted her in January 2016, while she was working in the fields near the Ugandan base at the Obo airstrip. “The man was alone … I could not understand what he was saying,” she said. “He pushed me to the ground. Afterwards, there was real pain.” She became pregnant from the rape and had a child.
Several countries providing troops for UN peacekeeping missions have faced allegations of soldiers engaging in rape and exploitation, which remain unresolved. The former UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon recommended that accused soldiers be court martialled in the countries where the alleged crimes take place.
Boucher, from the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, said: “It is very difficult to end sexual exploitation and abuse in any kind of military operation, even peacekeeping. The UN has instituted a zero-tolerance policy and normally sends military units home so allegations can be investigated. But it is up to the member state to prosecute. Uganda’s authorities have repeatedly done so. This is very positive.”
