When the Federal Reserve board hiked interest rates by another three-quarters of a point this week, the move was widely applauded by the business press. The rate hike showed the Fed’s commitment to fighting inflation.
While this is arguably true, it also showed the Fed’s willingness to make the most disadvantaged groups pay the price for slowing a burst of inflation that they did not cause. In effect, Black people, Hispanic people, people with less education and people with criminal records are being forced to sacrifice to end a spurt of inflation caused by the pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Just to cut through the euphemisms about an “overheated” economy and abstract pain, what we are talking about with the Fed’s rate hikes is throwing people out of work to put downward pressure on wages. The story is that with a slower rate of wage growth, there will be less cost pressure for companies, and therefore they can slow the pace of price increases, bringing inflation down to a more acceptable rate.
But everyone is not equally susceptible to the unemployment created by the Fed’s rate hikes. The unemployment rate for Black people is typically twice the unemployment rate for white people. The unemployment rate for Hispanic people is typically one and a half times the rate for white people. For Black teenagers it is close to six times the unemployment rate for white teens.
In a tight labor market, employers who might otherwise discriminate against these workers are forced to take whoever walks through the door. They also are more likely to hire workers with less education, giving increased opportunities to workers with just a high school degree and even to workers who may have not graduated high school. In a tight labor market, employers are even willing to hire people with criminal records, giving them a chance to earn a decent living.
The idea of whacking those at the bottom might seem more acceptable if their pay increases were the main cause of the recent bout of inflation. But we know that is not true. Prices have been outpacing wage growth for the last year and a half, with inflation averaging more than 8% since February 2021, while the average hour wage has risen at just a 5.1% annual rate.
The gap between prices and wages is attributable to a sharp increase in the profit share of national income. There have been shortages of a wide variety of items due to the pandemic shutdowns, the war in Ukraine and a fire at a huge semiconductor factory in Japan.
These shortages have allowed everyone from oil companies to online retailers to auto manufacturers to increase their profit margins. There is a debate among economists over the extent to which these higher margins are due to excessive monopoly power, but there is no debate that profit margins have risen.
The data is very clear. The profit share of corporate income rose from 23.9% in 2019 to 26% in the second quarter of this year. This is an extraordinary increase in profit shares in a relatively short period.
The most frustrating part of this story is all of these facts are well known to the Fed chair, Jerome Powell. In the years just before the pandemic hit, Powell extolled the benefits of full employment, noting the extraordinary gains that high levels of employment meant for those at the bottom. He broke with decades of Fed policy and recommitted the Fed to taking the full employment side of its mandate seriously, rather than having an exclusive focus on inflation.
This is the reason that many progressives, including me, wanted to see Powell reappointed as Fed chair. We believed that he would be prepared to risk some inflation in order to sustain lower rates of unemployment.
Of course, no one thinks the Fed could just sit on the sidelines as inflation spirals higher, but that is not what is happening. Prices in many sectors are now falling as supply chain problems are being overcome. And the basis for the Fed’s main fear of higher expectations of inflation leading to wages and prices spiraling upward seems to have receded. Measures of inflation expectations have been falling for the last couple of months, not rising.
This should give the Fed the luxury of delaying further rate hikes. We know it takes a long time for monetary policy to have its full impact on the economy. The Fed should pause before it hikes further and see the extent to which its hikes to date, along with supply chain fixes, have quelled inflation.
It is awful that our only tool for controlling inflation is to throw the most disadvantaged workers out of their jobs. It is even worse if we make these people unemployed for nothing.
Dean Baker is senior economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research
