The arc of the moral universe is long and, in the case of Ratko Mladić, it has finally bent towards justice. More than two decades since the Srebrenica massacre, more than five years after his trial began, and following evidence from almost 600 witnesses, the “butcher of Bosnia” was sentenced to life imprisonment by a UN tribunal at The Hague on Wednesday for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The UN high commissioner for human rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, hailed it as a warning to other perpetrators. “They will not escape justice, no matter how powerful they may be nor how long it may take. They will be held accountable,” he said.
(June 1, 1991) The breakup of the former Yugoslavia
The breakup of the former Yugoslavia formally begins when Slovenia and Croatia declare independence. The Serb-led Yugoslav army withdraws from Slovenia after a 10-day conflict, but the war in Croatia that followed would last until 1995.
(April 1, 1992) War breaks out in Bosnia
Bosnian Serbs swiftly take control of more than two-thirds of Bosnia and launch the siege of Sarajevo, headed by Ratko Mladić, who becomes the Bosnian Serb army commander a month later. The siege lasts 1,460 days, during which more than 11,500 people die.
(July 1, 1995) Srebrenica massacre
Mladić's troops capture Srebrenica, where more than 8,000 Muslim men and boys were killed. Nato bombs Bosnian Serb positions following reports of the slaughter.
The international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia indicts Mladić and Bosnian-Serb leader Radovan Karadžić on charges including genocide.
(November 1, 1995) Dayton agreement signed
The Dayton agreement is signed, ending the war and creating two mini-states in Bosnia: a Bosnian-Serb one and a Muslim-Croat one.
(January 1, 1997) Mladić goes into hiding
Nato peacekeepers and western intelligence agencies operating in Bosnia step up attempts to track down war crimes suspects, but Mladić is sheltered by loyalists in Serbia. He is seen attending football games and eating at Belgrade restaurants.
(May 26, 2011) Mladić arrested
Following intense pressure from the international community on Serbia, Mladić is arrested in Serbia.
He appears in court at the UN tribunal for the first time in June but refuses to enter pleas to the charges against him. At a second hearing in July, judges enter not guilty pleas on his behalf.
(December 1, 2016) Trial hears closing statements
The trial in The Hague is arguably the most significant war crimes case in Europe since the Nuremberg tribunal, in part because of the scale of the atrocities involved. Over 530 days, the UN tribunal hears from 591 witnesses and examines nearly 10,000 exhibits concerning 106 separate crimes.
During closing statements, prosecutors urge judges to convict Mladić on all counts and sentence him to life in prison. Defence attorneys call for acquittal.
(November 22, 2017) Mladić convicted
More than 20 years after the Srebrenica massacre, the now 74-year-old Mladić is sentenced to life imprisonment after being convicted of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Delivering the verdicts, the judge said Mladić’s crimes “rank among the most heinous known to humankind and include genocide and extermination”.
Activists from Syria and Myanmar echoed those words. But to many, the promise will ring hollow. When the trial of the former Bosnian Serb commander and others began at the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, it seemed to herald a new and better era. This was supposed to be the end of impunity. In retrospect, it looks like a high watermark for international justice for mass crimes.
The verdict arrived as the US warned that “ethnic cleansing” was taking place in Myanmar, where recent reports have laid bare the murder of infants and the use of rape as a weapon against the Rohingya. In Syria, Bashar al-Assad’s murderous reign continues and civilians pay with their lives. Kim Jong-un is under pressure over North Korea’s nuclear programme, not its grotesque human rights abuses. The US and UK have supported the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen despite the bombing of schools and hospitals and the blockade reportedly now to be lifted.
The US was never likely to sign up to the international criminal court and is further than ever from doing so, abandoning even the pretence of moral leadership. Burundi has become the first nation to leave the court, which is accused of unfairly targeting African countries and ignoring the sins of western leaders (though its chief prosecutor has just requested authorisation to investigate reported human rights abuses in Afghanistan, including by the US military and the CIA; US citizens can be charged with crimes in ICC member states). The UK and others are lobbying to block the ICC from activating the crime of aggression. Meanwhile the growing heft of Russia and China has made it harder to pursue human rights abuses at the UN.
And though the chief architects of genocide in the Balkans have been convicted, many more of the guilty walk free. With the imminent closure of the Hague tribunal, the task of prosecution now lies with national courts. Prosecutor Serge Brammertz warned recently that regional judicial cooperation in war crimes justice is “heading in the wrong direction” and that “the message of denial and revisionism is loud and clear … your war criminals are our heroes”.
The light is flickering; it is not extinguished. Justice cannot bring back the dead or erase trauma. But anyone who doubts its importance in and of itself should listen to the survivors and victims’ families speaking on Wednesday and to Bosnian Muslims more broadly. The hunt for Mladić took 14 years and at times seemed almost hopeless. The tenacity and commitment that brought about his trial and conviction will be required many times over if the arc is to bend the right way again. The verdict reminds us of what is possible. It was, said Mr Zeid, the epitome of international justice. It must not be its epitaph.
